Reflection on Peacebuilding Simulation Assignment

Reflection on Peacebuilding Simulation - Assignment Example Mike can de-escalade the conflicts between the communities by acknowledging the needs of both parties and their position. The communities have their differences, and knowing what each community expects from the other is a start. The communities need to be brought down and have a talk about the reason for their uncooperativeness. Addressing such issues might be helpful as the real cause of conflict can be noted. Events that might make the escalation be fully blown might include the rising cases of rapes, vandalism and the children of the Westerners being harassed by the Mendozan and Marenese kids (Fischer & Crowe, 2007). This might make the communities seek vengeance against one another, which will in turn cause full escalation to arise. The normal position amid the two parties is that despite the conflicts, and differences they have, the communities living in Blue River do not want to see the economy of the place deteriorate. That is the reason why they are running their businesses; for the Westerners, the shops are open frequently, compared to others that are fighting to keep their businesses alive. The westerners might not be able to accept the culture of the people who lived there initially; the Mendozans and Marenese, and this might cause more problems to arise. There is a difference in beliefs, traditions and the ways of lives of the communities in Blue River (Malek, 2012). Mike should make sure that the riots do not happen again, and this can be done by looking at the grievances of the communities. If the grievances of the communities of Blue River are not addressed, there is the possibility of another riot. Engaging with the communities is a way in which relationship between the communities can be built. The communities in Blue River cannot meet face to face because of the riot that occurred. Some problems that might arise include murders, continued vandalism and rise in rapes. There should be patrols all over the area, from

Income and Disposable Income Essay Example for Free

Income and Disposable Income Essay Income will mean cash income before taxes, and will include government transfer payments such as unemployment insurance benefits, family allowance payments, pensions, welfare assistance, etc. Disposable income specifically focuses on the amount of income available for private consumption and spending. Disposable income takes into consideration the reality that take-home pay is heavily influenced by not only gross income, but also by factors such as government transfer levels, taxation levels, and inflation. Disposable Income is defined in two ways: * Income after federal and provincial income taxes * Income after taxes, employment insurance and Canada Pension Plan Discretionary Income is Disposable Income after deductions for basic necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, transportation, healthcare, personal care, etc. Life-Cycle State people change the goods and services they buy over their lifetimes. Buying is also shaped by the stage of the family life cycle-the stages through which families might pass as they mature over time. Marketers often define their target markets in terms of life-cycle stage and develop appropriate products and marketing plans. Described in the following graph, on average, real disposable income has grown at a very slow rate of 0.05% from 1980 to 1998. This varies from 0.32% for a family of 2 parents with children, 0.14% for economic families of 2 persons or more, 0.09% for elderly families to 0.31% for lone parent families. These figures have improved over the last 3 years. In 2000, real disposable income per capita grew 2.7%, its strongest growth rate in over a decade. The above chart shows the percentage change in inflation-adjusted incomes of families with children for the lowest 5th of families to those in the top 5th of family incomes from the late 1970s to 1997. It can be seen that for the lowest 5th of families real incomes fell 21% during past 2 decades, while incomes for the highest 5th increased 30%. Thats quite a swing. Further, the chart shows for the middle 5th of family incomes their current inflation-adjusted income is about 3% less than 2 decades ago. Thats pure and simple. No wonder family saving fell while household debt ratios soared. Look again at this chart. The top family earners increased income 30% above inflation in those 2 decades. But, if recognize that 30% real income growth over 2 decades is but 1.16% average per year compounded above inflation, its not that great, especially compared to all average family incomes increasing at an annual rate of 3-4% above inflation prior to 1970, most with one wage-earner per family. In other words, this chart suggested that the top family earners since the 1970s made out worse than did all average family incomes prior to 1970. Of course the poorest 5th saw their real family income drop 21% past 21 years or about 1.12% per year below inflation rates. This shows how dramatic long-term implications can be, just 2% per year separating top and lower earners and how much poorer is total family income performance now compared to before. The marketers can use these statistics to estimate the future trend of people buying behavior. In order to develop new technologies or sell strategies, these statistics would help marketer to decide what they have to change to gain more profits.

Essay --

The Views of Hawthorne on Puritanism Nathaniel Hawthorne's knowledge of Puritanism and his close relationship with the religion has impacted his views on those in the society. Hawthorne is critical of the Puritans and he thinks that they are hypocrites for having rules and morals that they do not follow. He sees the underlying sin that others may not. Through his many writings he makes known to his readers that everyone is guilty of sin. The Puritan's main goal was to save themselves from the sin in the world, but Nathaniel Hawthorne portrays their morals and society as troublesome through his works, "Young Goodman Brown," "The Minister's Black Veil," and The Scarlet Letter. Through the work of "Young Goodman Brown," Hawthorne is able to express his views of hypocrisy in Puritanism. Goodman Brown was convinced that his Puritan family was sinless and deserved to be honored. When traveling through the forest he says, "My father never went into the woods on such an errand, nor his father before him. We have been a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of the martyrs" ("Young Goodman Brown" 238). What Goodman Brown does not know is that his previous generations have taken part in these sinful actions that occurred in the woods. Although Brown's ancestors were supposedly righteous Puritans, they were involved in lashing a Quaker woman and setting fire to an Indian village, according to the traveler speaking with Brown. Through these stories that the traveler tells, Hawthorne makes known to his readers that Puritan's are hypocrites because they say they are holy and pure when in reality they are committing impious actions. Throughout this stor y Young Goodman Brown takes his journey through the woods and sees nearly eve... ... like Hester. He is implying that she is the victim and that the Puritans are actually at fault for this sin. Hawthorne's main goal is to convey the Puritans as sinful and unholy. He does not approve of the sin they hide and he thinks there should be punishment for their actions. To Hawthorne there are many problems in Puritan society. He exposes their transgressions of secret sin and hypocrisy. Hawthorne was haunted by his Puritan past, as he saw all the sins and immoral acts that the society committed. He expresses that everyone sins, no matter how holy or pious they may appear. Hawthorne points out their unrighteousness despite the Puritans claim to be pious. He sees no benefits in being involved in the society. Hawthorne expresses his negative views on Puritanism through his three works, "Young Goodman Brown," "The Ministers Black Veil," and The Scarlet Letter.

Barbie :: miscellaneous

Barbie Good afternoon everyone. I’m Dr. Nikolovski and I’m here to talk to you about the controversial Barbie. Barbie, recently turned 40, is perhaps the most debated about child’s toy in the world. She is sold in over 150 Countries and is known to almost every child and adult worldwide. According to creator Mattel, over 93% of all Australian girls aged between 3 and 10 own at least one Barbie each, and the typical American girl of the same age has on average 9. So what does this model of ‘supposed perfection’ have to do with real life you may ask? This successful toy whom is considered to promote an unhealthy lifestyle and image, is a role model of millions of girls around the world, including you daughters. Today I am here to put you any doubts you may have to rest and to promote Barbie as a good and inspiring toy for your children to be playing with. Barbie is one of the most enduring stars in the world. She’s loved, hated, tortured, adored and disemboweled by millions. But the argument still remains, that Barbie is a bad role model for young girls. While some agree yes, I definitely believe no! Barbie has been blamed for quite a few things. Eating disorders being one them, as a result of her â€Å"anorexia-inspired† body. However it must be noted that eating disorders are proven to be a mental disease, just as something like schizophrenia. How a doll, a toy, something for girls to play with is able to be responsible for such a disease is a question I’d be curious to hear answered. Especially as the girls whom play with Barbie are those aged between 3 and 10. Barbie has been around since March 1959, and I’m yet to hear about an eating disorder directly linked with her. I believe that Barbie is an inspiration to young girls in her multiple careers. Which over the years have included things from tennis player, presidential candidate, and paleontologist to an astronaut, which was back in 1964, before there were any women astronauts. This year’s new generation millennium Barbie of 2002 is set to head off to international High School in New York. Barbie’s instant success was not from her body or looks, but clearly from what came with her. It's clear now that her ultimate success is her transformation like qualities.

Accounting Entity

An accounting entity is any organizational unit for which financial and economic data are gathered and processed for the purposes of decision making (Hillman, Kochanek and Norgaard, 1992, p. 15). The purpose of an entity is to work for the good of all the stakeholder groups and obtain funds at favorable rates to create future profits (Boland, 2010, pp. 41-44). †¢Rights of the stakeholders of an entity. Stakeholders are individuals and groups that are affected by an organization's policies, procedures, and actions (Advameg, 2011). The stakeholders include creditors, employees, customers, government bodies, special interest groups and the local community. Stakeholders, such as employees and owners, may have specific legal rights and expectations in regard to the organization's operations and them include (Boland, 2010, p. 44). the right to equal opportunity and non-discriminatory treatment †¢the right to security of persons; the rights of workers and their families; consumer rights and protections; and environmental rights and standards †¢require corporations, within their respective spheres of activity and influence, to promote †¢encourage corporations to consult with stakeholders and communities about their activities, influence and impact †¢Our group’s general ethical philosophy. In addition to being aligned with the ‘Stakeholder’s theory’ and ‘reporting’, Group A’s general ethical philosophy also focuses on sustainable development of an entity, specifically on how organizations need to make commitment to sustainable business practices towards communities. For the reason that reporting and providing information about social and environmental performances of an entity increases the trust that communities have in the organization ( Deegan, 2006).

Macro Environment External Forces that Affect Bakery Industry Essay Essay Example

Macro Environment External Forces that Affect Bakery Industry Essay Essay Example Macro Environment External Forces that Affect Bakery Industry Essay Paper Macro Environment External Forces that Affect Bakery Industry Essay Paper Executive sum-up Paris Baguette is a Gallic divine Korean bakeshop. which started in 1945. and it started off as a little bakeshop. Paris Baguette is now a extremely competitory bakeshop that has 32 shops world-wide and 4 shops in Singapore. This study is to advice Paris Baguette on affairs that are associated with effectual selling for its merchandise. topographic point. publicity and monetary value. This study will speak about things like. what Marco-environment that will impact the bakeshop industry every bit good as what microenvironment that will impact our organisation. This study will besides be explain what merchandise placement and perceptual function is and with the assistance of perceptual function it will exemplify the merchandise placement of Paris Baguette against their rivals. The recommendation for the study is to publicize Paris Baguette on telecasting or the newspaper to increase trade name consciousness. In add-on. to open more subdivisions in Singapore. as four shops is nil compared to their rivals like Bread Talk. Background Paris Baguette has started in 1945. called as ‘Sang-mi-dang’ in Woongjin. Korea. They had moved Sang-mi-dang to Seoul in 1948. The president of the company. Chang Sung Hur had changed the name of the company as ‘Sam Lip General Food Company in 1968 and entered the franchise market as a general nutrient company. In 1997. they have decided to hold merchandise trade name called ‘Shany Cake’ hence. the Sam lip and Shany cake shown great impact in the staff of life industry. In order to beef up their concern. they realized they need bakery trade name so they established Paris Croissant in 1986 and they called it as ‘Paris Baguette’ . which is a luxury Gallic bakeshop trade name. They have made first shop at Gwanghwamun ( Korea ) . one of the topographic point that a batch of people in Korea. They had good success. maintain spread outing the shops. and had 100 shops in Korea in 1992. They did 1st topographic point in bakeshop industry in 1997. and they maintained the first topographic point all the manner. In 2004. they decided to spread out the shops overseas and opened foremost shop in Shanghai. As a consequence. they have about 3. 200 shops in Korea entirely. Macro Environment external forces that affect bakery industry 2. 1Demographic environment The term ‘demography’ refers to the survey of human population on the footing of gender. age. race. income degree. denseness. instruction. household size. business. etc. Harmonizing to the informations studies that released by Singapore authorities. the population of female occupants is about equal to males. The chief mark clients of bakeshop industry are consider as females because they are most likely to hold a sweet tooth. It means that there is still some room for betterment to pull possible clients. such as males. Besides. an aging population and worsening birth rate besides has impact on bakeshop industry. The scope in age from 5 to 35 is considered as chief mark clients in bakeshop industry. With the addition of aged and lessening of kids. consumers of bakeshop industry will be bit by bit decrease. In order to pull more possible clients. bakeshop companies may establish new merchandises that suited for males and seniors. such as salty staff of life with meat or soft staff of life. which can be easy chaw. 2. 2Political Environment As a state. which has been crown the most business-friendly economic system all over the universe for the old 7 old ages. no 1 will doubt that Singapore authorities promote the development of company. Policy support helps with company operation. such as lessening the concern income tax- it will increase the net income of company. Singapore authorities addition the rewards revenue enhancement in order to assist hapless people. therefore. more clients will be able to afford staff of life. In add-on. policies of childbirth encouragement and in-migration besides help to increase the Numberss of consumers. Children are attract by lovely expression and sweet gustatory sensation of sweets. Europeans and Americans prefer bread alternatively of rice. and they should be habitues of bakeshops. However. these policies besides benefit other companies in bakeshop industry. and it will ensue in increasing of competitions. In order to keep the market portion. the company may cut down the monetary va lue of staff of life or launch more assortment of staff of life. 2. 3Economic Environment Economic factors are consists of rising pricess. revenue enhancement. involvement rate. currency exchanges rate. depression. etc. Those factors will act upon the buying power and disbursement forms of clients. If the involvement rate increased. people would wish to salvage their money in bank alternatively of passing them. That will ensue in lessening of purchasing power. therefore. the net income of company will cut down besides. Inflation besides causes lessening of purchasing power. Inflation puts a batch of force per unit area on people. and they will diminish day-to-day disbursals. it may act upon the bakeshop industry. Micro Environment forces that affect Paris Baguette 2. 4Competitors In Singapore. Break Talk considered as a rival of Paris Baguette because both of these two trade names are consists of bakeshop and cafe . In comparing. Bread Talk is more celebrated and familiar than Paris Baguette because it is the local trade name and it is plenty of subdivisions. There are merely four mercantile establishments of Paris Baguette. but more than 25 subdivisions of Bread Talk in Singapore. The advantages of Paris Baguette are ‘delicacy’ and assortment of merchandises. Delicate visual aspects of decorate and merchandises attract many clients. The advantages of Bread Talk are it’s lower monetary value and publicities. To compare these two trade names. Paris Baguette is more suited for yuppies. but Bread Talk is suited for ordinary household. 2. 5Customers The clients positioning of Paris Baguette: kids. twosomes and 15 to 35-year-old females. Merchandises of Paris Baguette are more expensive than other general bakeshop trade names. therefore. consumers of Paris Baguette should be good pay. Customers prefer cafe of Paris Baguette. so they frequented braches in the afternoon. particularly during the weekends. Macro environment forces that affect Paris Baguette Two of the Macro environment. which have affect Paris Baguette are the Economic environment and social-cultural environment. The economic environment affected the Paris Baguette franchises. which the production costs increased due to the monetary value of the oil and the grain increased. All the franchises have to pay more in order to buy the ingredients. Besides. Paris Baguette in the American and China markets have faced some unsure economic failure. This has cause rather a large impact to Paris Baguette. â€Å"A weak currency is the mark of a weak economic system. and a weak economic system leads to a weak state. † ( Perot. N. D ) . In add-on. the social-cultural environment. which affect Paris Baguette have to cognize the different cultural nutrient gustatory sensation of the chosen state. which mean they have to happen out what type of merchandises can increase the involvement and Paris Baguette have to collaborate with it by making the merchandise the people like. Besides. for the aging people and adult female will give more attending to their ain wellness and they prefer more on organic nutrient. In order to take a bigger market. Paris Baguette has to bring forth more organic and healthy merchandises due to the healthy diet flow. Merchandise Positioning. Merchandise placement is one of marketing techniques that promote merchandises in the best manner to aim audiences. The most of import thing is to purchase the merchandise. It is rather similar with market cleavage as the merchandise placement is made of making the message and involves the symbol and use. which conclude show and packaging. In Paris baguette. they used 5methods for the merchandise placement. They are ‘threat of new entrants ( excessively much capital is non required for fall ining the bakeshop franchise market ) ’ . ‘bargaining power of providers ( the natural stuff is of import for them in bakeshop industry and the stuffs like rice and flour ) ’ . ‘threat of replacement merchandises ( many other replacement merchandises are exist such as flour based nutrient. instant nutrient. etc. For illustration. Starbucks is one of cafe that makes high net income with utility merchandises ) ’ . ‘bargaining power of clients ( They don’t have trouble to exchange buying mercantile establishments because of standardised bakeshop merchandises ) ’ and ‘competitive competition within an industry ( there is intense competition in the market among other trade names because of impregnation. There does non hold many houses within industry but large trade names like Tour les Jour exist. There besides have high issue barriers and difficult to distinguish the strategic for each house. ) ’ . Perceptual function From the image above. we can see that Paris Baguettes ( PB ) and Baker A ; Cook ( B A ; C ) has the high monetary value and high quality compared to Sunshine Bakery ( SB ) . It is because PB and B A ; C uses really good quality and high cost for the ingredients compared to SB. B A ; C is selling merchandises somewhat higher than PB is because of the company’s ordinance. Paris Baguette use the merchandise placement scheme. which is ‘positioning by price/quality’ . This is because they want to do certain their client satisfy with their merchandises and can devour their merchandise is in high quality in other words mean the gustatory sensation of the staff of life. the freshness and the brittleness of the staff of life. However. in order to bring forth a high quality merchandise. they have to utilize high quality natural stuffs to bring forth their merchandises such as the flour. butter. grain and other. which mean their merchandises are in high quality and the m onetary value issomewhat higher. â€Å"The quality of a leader is reflected in the criterions they set for themselves. † ( Kroc. 1984 ) Marketing research The primary selling research technique that I would urge Paris Baguette to utilize for roll uping information related to client satisfaction is the study method. The study method is by far the most popular of all the research method. Survey method is a list of inquiries that ask persons about their penchants. attitudes towards our merchandise and purchasing behaviors. We would necessitate to make the questionnaire that will enter the informations. Example of the study inquiry will be: What is the first thing that comes into your head when you think of Paris baguette? Do you bask our choice of staff of life? Which one of our merchandise make you wish best?How can we better on our merchandise?Are our monetary values reasonable?Are our staffs friendly?Is our subdivision location convenient for you?What new merchandise would you like to seek?What is your age group? Others- These inquiries will assist Paris Baguette better on their merchandise and happen out what their clients thinks about the organisation and what new merchandises they would wish to see from Paris baguette. One determination that I have found from the selling research is that our stores location is inconvenient for people that are hotfooting. In add-on. we open merely at 10a. m. which is after the forenoon peak hr. Paris Baguette can do our shops more convenient for the working category by seting them near the MRT Stationss and opening our shops before the forenoon peak hr. By opening our shops during peak hr we can pull people who have non ate their breakfast as they are hotfooting for work. and by seting our shops near an MRT. It would do it much more convenient for people to come to our shops to purchase our merchandise particularly those who are hotfooting. Marketing Mix Strategies of Paris Baguette Marketing mix consists on the 4Ps. which are merchandise. monetary value. publicity and topographic point. We are traveling to analyze the selling mix the Paris Baguette bakeshop. In first topographic point. we can see that the Paris Baguette is a bakeshop with a high assortment of merchandises. The Paris Baguette supplies fresh bakeshop merchandises in over 3000 locations worldwide. Their merchandises are different for each state depending on the civilization and the people of each state. They do non hold the same merchandises In United States and In Singapore. for illustration. This is because people from different states have different penchants of gustatory sensation. However. there are some common merchandises in all their subdivisions. For illustration. the most common merchandises are the types of staff of life. the pastries and pie. the bars. sweets and sandwiches and drinks. They besides sell other type of merchandises like cups of tea. Talking about the monetary value. the monetary value in the Paris Baguette is equal to the quality of the merchandise and the cost of purchase. The Paris Baguette keeps low-cost monetary values in order to be accessible for more people to pull more clients. Of class they have to analyze the rivals monetary values and offers before adjust the concluding monetary value of their merchandises. Besides finding the demand of each merchandise and the estimating costs. If a merchandise has a high demand. the cost would increase. For illustration. a piece of bar would be around $ 3. 95. Talking about the publicity. the Paris Baguette is a bakeshop with tonss of publicities. They use two different ways of publicity to pull people. The first manner is to make advertizements about their merchandises with nice images and an seemingly household friendly topographic point. The 2nd manner is making gross revenues publicity. For illustration. purchase one sweet and acquire the 2nd one free. or making breakfast offers like a cup of java and a sandwich for $ 3. 50. They use this two ways for publicity. Finally. the topographic point. The Paris Baguette focuses ever in acquiring subdivisions in the Centre of the metropoliss. They are non interested in acquiring subdivisions in little towns or topographic points with non excessively much people. This is because they want a high norm of people per twenty-four hours and this can accomplish merely in the Centre of the metropoliss and specific topographic points. For illustration. in Singapore they have a large subdivision in Orchard. which is the chief route in Singapore. Marketing Mix In my sentiment. there are a few points that Paris Baguette could implement in the hereafter. This can be focus on the publicity events. In my sentiment. the Paris Baguette could implement rather a batch their clients by making some bar and bread events. Paris Baguette can pull more clients. while advancing their merchandises. This could be done by making some events each twelvemonth rent a topographic point in a shopping promenade and put up a phase in a big crowd topographic points. Meanwhile. while advancing their merchandises. Paris Baguette can give out their new merchandises with free of charge. This would be an betterment for their celebrity. This because every bit long as it is free. when people try their bakeshop merchandises and it taste good. people will purchase the merchandises. These events will pull people from everyplace. which mean Paris Baguette will hold more clients purchasing their merchandises and it will increase their net income. â€Å"Profit in concern comes from repetition clients. clients that boast about your undertaking or service. and that conveying friends with them. † ( Edwards. 1993 ) Recommendation In Singapore. Bread Talk’s celebrity surpasses Paris Baguette. Thus. Paris Baguette may publicize on Television or newspaper in order to additions trade name consciousness. Besides. they besides need to spread out more subdivisions all about Singapore in every individual shopping promenades to increase competitory. This is because are merely four subdivisions of Paris Baguette. which is far less than Numberss of subdivisions of Bread Talk and other bakeshop companies. Decision ‘Sang myocardial infarction dang’ was a little bakeshop which began in 1945. After some betterment. Paris Baguette have been start up and their concern expand with a rapid velocity. Paris Baguette is a mature domestic franchise bakeshop with a high per centum of portion footings and their stores have already franchised to worldwide. Paris Baguette have maintained their high place for a period. This is because they have did their Micro and Macro environmental factors. which will impact their concern. and they try to get the better of it. Besides. Paris Baguette besides did probe of its rivals. in order to cognize more about its rivals. After the probe have done. they try to compare it to their ain companies by utilizing a perceptual function construct. which can assist them to cognize their ain scope with its rivals. Furthermore. to cognize how to derive more clients. Paris baguette choose a study method by inquiring the random passers and to cognize more about. which bakeshop merchandises do they prefer or like. In add-on. Paris baguette known as a bakeshop which more on merchandise and monetary value. which mean they sell high quality merchandises. Therefore. they will take a high quality of natural ingredients to bring forth their merchandises and put up a higher monetary value but sensible. Nevertheless. Paris Baguette besides choose more crowded country to put up their store to allow more people notice their store and purchase their merchandises. Besides. in order to pull client. Paris Baguette besides did some publicities for theirs merchandises such as the particular of the twenty-four hours for the merchandises. Mentions Barney. J. B ( 1995 ) . â€Å"Looking inside for competitory advantage. † Academy of Management Executive. 9 ( 4 ) . 49-61 Cafehopping. ( 2012-2014 ) . Paris Baguette. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //cafehopping. sg/review-post/paris-baguette-cafe-singapore/ . Last accessed 3rd April 2014. Demographics of Singapore. [ ONLINE ] Available from: [ Accessed 20 March 2014 ] Henry. A ( 2008 ) . Understanding Strategic Management ( 1st ed. ) . Oxford: OUP. Jaeseok Jeong. et. Al. ( 2013 ) . Sucess Factor of Paris Baguette’s Bakery Frachise Business: Industry Competition and Core Competence Analysis. ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL. 15 ( 2 ) . p1-27. James Manktelow. ( 1996-2014 ) . The Marketing Mix and 4 Ps. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newSTR_94. htm. Last accessed 3rd April 2014. Political Environment. [ ONLINE ] Available from: [ Accessed 27 March 2014 ] Ray Kroc. ( 1902-1984 ) . Ray Kroc quotes. Available: last accessed 1st April 2014. Ross Peros. ( N. D ) . Quotes. Available:Last accessed 1st April 2014. S. Jaychandran ( 2006 ) . Marketing Management: text and instances. New Delhi: Anurag Jain. Singapore is most business-friendly for 7th twelvemonth straight By Malminderjit Singh The Business Times | Fri. Oct 26. 2012 [ ONLINE ] Available from: [ Accessed 21 March 2014 ] W. Edwards. ( 1900-1993 ) . W. Edwards Deming quotes. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //thinkexist. com/quotation/profit_in_business_comes_from_repeat_customers/226671. hypertext markup language. Last accessed 3rd April 2014. What is a macro environment? [ ONLINE ] Available from: [ Accessed 20 March 2014 ]

Personal Selling Essays

Personal Selling Essays Personal Selling Paper Personal Selling Paper In the past few tutorials we saw how marketers can use advertising, sales promotion and public relations to reach a large number of customers. While these methods of promotion offer many advantages, they each share one major disadvantage: they are a non-personal form of communication. And whether a company is in retailing or manufacturing, sells goods or services, is a large multinational or a local startup, is out to make a profit or is a non-profit, in all probability at some point they will need to rely on personal contact with customers. In other words, they will need to promote using personal selling. Unfortunately, personal selling is widely misunderstood. For instance, many customers think salespeople possess traits that include being manipulative, arrogant, aggressive and greedy. While many marketers believe salespeople are only out to make a quick sale intended to increase their income and that they often do this by making unscrupulous deals undermining the marketer’s attempt to build strong brands. While there certainly are some salespeople that fit these descriptions, today the most successful salespeople are those who work hard to understand their customers’ needs with the ultimate goal of ensuring that customer’s needs are satisfied at a high level. And, more importantly, personal selling holds a key role in the promotional activities of a large number of organizations. In fact, in the business market where one company sells products to another company, money spent to support the selling function far exceeds spending on advertising. In this part of our highly detailed Principles of Marketing Tutorials, we begin a two-part look at personal selling. We will continue our coverage of personal selling in the next tutorial when we discuss the selling process used to obtain a customer order. What is Personal Selling? Personal selling is a promotional method in which one party (e. g. , salesperson) uses skills and techniques for building personal relationships with another party (e. g. , those involved in a purchase decision) that results in both parties obtaining value. In most cases the value for the salesperson is realized through the financial rewards of the sale while the customer’s value is realized from the benefits obtained by consuming the product. However, getting a customer to purchase a product is not always the objective of personal selling. For instance, selling may be used for the purpose of simply delivering information. Because selling involves personal contact, this promotional method often occurs through face-to-face meetings or via a telephone conversation, though newer technologies allow contact to take place over the Internet including using video conferencing or text messaging (e. . , online chat). Among marketing jobs, more are employed in sales positions than any other marketing-related occupation. In the U. S. alone, the U. S. Department of Labor estimates that over 14 million or about 11% of the overall labor force are directly involved in selling and sales-related positions. Worldwide this figure may be closer to 10 0 million. Yet these figures vastly under-estimate the number of people who are actively engaged in some aspect of selling as part of their normal job responsibilities. While millions of people can easily be seen as holding sales jobs, the promotional techniques used in selling are also part of the day-to-day activities of many who are usually not directly associated with selling. For instance, top corporate executives whose job title is CEO or COO are continually selling their company to major customers, stock investors, government officials and many other stakeholders. The techniques they employ to gain benefits for their company are the same used by the front-line salesperson to sell to a small customer. Consequently, our discussion of the promotional value of personal selling has implications beyond marketing and sales departments. Advantages of Personal Selling One key advantage personal selling has over other promotional methods is that it is a two-way form of communication. In selling situations the message sender (e. g. , salesperson) can adjust the message as they gain feedback from message receivers (e. g. , customer). So if a customer does not understand the initial message (e. . , doesn’t fully understand how the product works) the salesperson can make adjustments to address questions or concerns. Many non-personal forms of promotion, such as a radio advertisement, are inflexible, at least in the short-term, and cannot be easily adjusted to address audience questions. The interactive nature of personal selling also makes it the most effective promotional method for building relationships with customers, particularly in the business-to-business market. This is especially important for companies that either sell expensive products or sell lower cost but high volume products (i. e. , buyer must purchase in large quantities) that rely heavily on customers making repeat purchases. Because such purchases may take a considerable amount of time to complete and may involve the input of many people at the purchasing company (i. e. , buying center), sales success often requires the marketer develop and maintain strong relationships with members of the purchasing company. Finally, personal selling is the most practical promotional option for reaching customers who are not easily reached through other methods. The best example is in selling to the business market where, compared to the consumer market, advertising, public relations and sales promotions are often not well received. Disadvantages of Personal Selling Possibly the biggest disadvantage of selling is the degree to which this promotional method is misunderstood. Most people have had some bad experiences with salespeople who they perceived were overly aggressive or even downright annoying. While there are certainly many salespeople who fall into this category, the truth is salespeople are most successful when they focus their efforts on satisfying customers over the long term and not focusing own their own selfish interests. A second disadvantage of personal selling is the high cost in maintaining this type of promotional effort. Costs incurred in personal selling include: High cost-per-action (CPA) – As noted in the Promotion Decisions tutorial, CPA can be an important measure of the success of promotion spending. Since personal selling involves person-to-person contact, the money spent to support a sales staff (i. e. , sales force) can be steep. For instance, in some industries it costs well over (US) $300 each time a salesperson contacts a potential customer. This cost is incurred whether a sale is made or not! These costs include compensation (e. g. , salary, commission, bonus), providing sales support materials, allowances for entertainment spending, office supplies, telecommunication and much more. With such high cost for maintaining a sales force, selling is often not a practical option for selling products that do ot generate a large amount of revenue. Training Costs – Most forms of personal selling require the sales staff be extensively trained on product knowledge, industry information and selling skills. For companies that require their salespeople attend formal training programs, the cost of training can be quite high and include such expenses as travel, hotel, meals, and tr aining equipment while also paying the trainees’ salaries while they attend. A third disadvantage is that personal selling is not for everyone. Job turnover in sales is often much higher than other marketing positions. For companies that assign salespeople to handle certain customer groups (e. g. , geographic territory), turnover may leave a company without representation in a customer group for an extended period of time while the company recruits and trains a replacement. Objectives of Personal Selling Personal selling is used to meet the five objectives of promotion in the following ways: Building Product Awareness – A common task of salespeople, especially when selling in business markets, is to educate customers on new product offerings. In fact, salespeople serve a major role at industry trades shows (see the Sales Promotion tutorial) where they discuss products with show attendees. But building awareness using personal selling is also important in consumer markets. As we will discuss, the advent of controlled word-of-mouth marketing is leading to personal selling becoming a useful mechanism for introducing consumers to new products. Creating Interest – The fact that personal selling involves person-to-person communication makes it a natural method for getting customers to experience a product for the first time. In fact, creating interest goes hand-in-hand with building product awareness as sales professionals can often accomplish both objectives during the first encounter with a potential customer. Providing Information – When salespeople engage customers a large part of the conversation focuses on product information. Marketing organizations provide their sales staff with large amounts of sales support including brochures, research reports, computer programs and many other forms of informational material. Stimulating Demand – By far, the most important objective of personal selling is to convince customers to make a purchase. In The Selling Process tutorial we will see how salespeople accomplish this when we offer detailed coverage of the selling process used to gain customer orders. Reinforcing the Brand – Most personal selling is intended to build long-term relationships with customers. A strong relationship can only be built over time and requires regular communication with a customer. Meeting with customers on a regular basis allows salespeople to repeatedly discuss their company’s products and by doing so helps strengthen customers’ knowledge of what the company has to offer. Types of Selling Roles As we noted above, worldwide millions of people have careers that fit in the personal selling category. However, the actual functions carried out by someone in sales may be quite different. In general there are four major types of selling roles: Order Getters Order Takers Order Influencers Sales Support The objectives of each role are often very different and within each role there are serveral subclassifications. A detailed discussion of each role can be found in the Types of Selling Roles tutorial. Trends in Selling While the basic premise of personal selling, building relationships, has not changed much in the last 50 years, there are a number of developments that are impacting this method of promotion including: Controlled Word of Mouth Customer Information Sharing Mobile and Web Computing Electronic Sales Presentations Electronic Sales Training Use of Customer Teams Selling Trends: Controlled Word of Mouth One of the most influential forms of promotion occurs when one person speaks highly of a product to someone else, particularly if the message sender is considered an unbiased source of information. Until recently, marketers have had little control over person-to-person promotion that did not involve salespeople (i. e. , biased source). However, marketers are beginning to experiment with new methods of promotion that strategically takes advantage of the benefits offered by word-of-mouth promotion. Unlike salespeople who attempt to obtain an order from customers, controlled word-of-mouth promotion uses real people to help spread information about a product but do not directly elicit customer orders. With controlled word-of-mouth promotion a marketer hires individuals to spread positive information about a product but in a way that does not make it obvious to others that they are being paid to do so. The technique is especially useful when building awareness of new products and this approach has been dubbed â€Å"buzz† marketing as a way to describe its objective of building a high level of awareness for a product. For example, a brewer may form a team of word-of-mouth marketers who visit local taverns and night spots. As part of their job these marketers may talk up a new beer sold by the brewer and even purchase the product for some customers. But in the course of doing so they do not directly disclose that they are being compensated by the brewer for their efforts. Controlled word-of-mouth has received a great deal of publicity though much of it has focused on potential ethical concerns. Some have expressed concern that paying people to act as if they are interested in a product without any indication of their relationship with the product breaches ethical standards. As more companies explore controlled word-of-mouth marketing it is expect to become an even more scrutinized form of personal selling. Selling Trends: Customer Information Sharing Possibly the most dramatic change to occur in how salespeople function on a day-to-day basis involves the integration of customer relationship management (CRM) systems into the selling arena. CRM is the name given to both the technology and the philosophy that drives companies to gain a better understanding of their customers with the goal of building stronger long-term relationships. The essential requirement for an effective CRM system is the need for all customer contact points (e. g. , salespeople, customer service, websites) to gather information so that this can be shared with others in the company. But CRM has faced some rough times within the sales force for the exact reason it is important: salespeople must share their information. Salespeople have historically been very good at developing relationships and learning about customers, but often loath sharing this since, in effect, information is what makes them important. In the minds of some salespeople, letting go of the information reduces their importance to the company. For example, some salespeople feel that sharing all they know about a customer will make them expendable as a salesperson since a company can simply insert someone new into their spot at anytime. While the attitude toward CRM has made its implementation difficult in many companies, salespeople should understand that it is not going away. CRM and information sharing has proven to be critical for maintaining strong customer relations and salespeople must learn to adapt to it. Selling Trends: Mobile and Web Computing The move to an information sharing approach is most effective when salespeople have access to information sharing features when they need it most. Mobile technologies, such as wireless internet (WiFi) and cellular Internet access, allow salespeople to retrieve needed information at any time. For example, if a salesperson takes a customer to lunch, the salesperson can quickly access company material to respond to questions such as how long it may take to receive product if an order is placed. Additionally, there is a growing trend to make key business applications available through a browser rather than having programs loaded on a salesperson’s computer. This allows for the application to be accessed from anywhere at anytime. For example, many companies have moved to web-based CRM systems where simply having Internet access allows salespeople to enter and retrieve information. Also, many new office productivity applications, such as word processing and spreadsheets, are now becoming web-accessible. New generation cellphones or smartphones along with other handheld devices, such as personal digital assistants (PDA), lighten the burden of carrying laptop computers. But because these handheld devices are web-enabled they provide access to much of the same information as a standard computer. While the computing power of handheld devices is still underpowered compared to conventional computers, the move to web-based computing may some day make the handheld the main instrument for inputting and outputting information. Selling Trends: Electronic Sales Presentations Technology is also playing a major role in how sales professionals reach prospects and existing customers. While audio/video conferencing has been available for many years using high-end telecommunication hookups, it has only been within the last few years that improvements in Internet access speeds, computing power and meeting software have made this method for reaching customers a practical alternative to face-to-face sales meetings. These options include: Online Video Conferencing – Online conferencing essentially acts in the same way as telecommunications videoconferencing, with one big exception; it is delivered over the Internet. Anyone who has an Internet connection knows that trying to deliver video over the Internet can be a trying experience as video often appears to be slow, jittery and sometimes not even recognizable. But these problems are quickly disappearing and while real time Internet video conferencing (i. e. , television quality video and audio) is still not routinely accessible to most salespeople, this is expected to change. Web/Phone Conferencing – To offset the problems associated with Internet delivery of real time audio and video, many companies deliver sales presentations using a combination of web and elecommunications. The most widely used services use the Internet, to deliver visual material (typically a slide presentation) and telecommunications, to allow for voice conversation. The process has a salesperson arrange for a conferencing time with a prospect who enters the conference by: 1) using their web browser to gain access to the visual presentation and 2) using their teleph one to call into an audio conference. Splitting the visual and audio feeds allows for smoother presentations since the conference participants’ computers need only process the visual material. It should be noted, that while audio access is now being carried out over telephone connections, the emergence of telephone over the Internet (i. e. , VOIP voice over Internet Protocol) may soon help resolve some of the problems that have been encountered when delivering both. Online Text Chat Online chat allows for real time communication between multiple participants using text messaging. While this form of buyer-seller communication may not be very effective at getting customers to agree to make a purchase, it has proven very effective in building initial product nterest. For example, potential customers visiting a website may use the chat feature to ask a few questions about the company’s products. Engaging a customer this way can then lead to the customer agreeing to receive a phone call from a salesperson to further discuss the product. Selling Trends: Electronic Sales Training Developing the skills and techniques needed to be successful at selling requires an extensi ve commitment by the individual seller and the sellers company to sales training. Sales training is the hallmark of professional selling. If there is one thing that separates the truly successful salesperson from those who are not, it is the amount of training and preparation they engage in. Most organizations that employ a sales force offer new salespeople an extensive formal training program often held at dedicated training facilities. These training programs can range from a few days to many months depending on the industry. But once a salesperson has made the move to the field, training does not stop. Those involved in selling must continue to stay abreast of their products, customers, markets and competitors. While many companies may continue to employ the same methods used when they first trained their salespeople, a large number of firms are finding that ongoing training can be just as effective using electronic options such as delivering training over the Internet, through downloadable computer programs or through interactive CDs or DVDs. While feedback using electronic means is not as personal as it might be with in-person training, sophisticated electronic training programs are effective in educating and testing trainee’s knowledge. Also, a live trainer can be contacted very quickly via e-mail, online chat or by a phone call if a question does arise. Using electronic delivery, the cost to the company for adding or updating training material is inexpensive and quick compared to the cost and time needed to produce and ship paper-based materials. Additionally, the use of RSS feeds or email enables salespeople to be quickly notified when new training material is available. This is useful when the sales force must be made aware of a recent change that will impact how products are promoted such as a price change, new information to be used as comparison to competitor’s products, a potential problem that has arisen when installing or using a product or some other adjustment. Selling Trends: Use of Customer Teams As we noted in our discussion of technical specialists, salespeople may require the assistance of others in their organization to effectively deal with prospects. In fact, many companies are moving away from the traditional sale force arrangement, where a single salesperson handles nearly all communication with an account, in favor of a team approach where multiple people are involved. Teams consist of individuals from several functional areas such as marketing, manufacturing, distribution, and customer service. In some configurations all members share bonuses if the team meets sales goals. Clearly to be effective a team approach requires the implementation of customer relationship management systems that we discussed earlier. (From nowthis. com/principles-of-marketingtutorials/personal-selling/selling-trends-use-of-customer-teams/) (From udel. edu/alex/chapt20. html) Scope and Importance of Personal Selling In the US, 14 million people are employed in sales positions, according to the department of labor. Sales personnel include stockbrokers, manufacturing sales representatives, real estate brokers etc. Most students in this class will have been employed as a sales person. Nature of Personal Selling Gives marketers: The greatest freedom to adjust a message to satisfy customers informational needs, dynamic. Most precision, enabling marketers to focus on most promising leads. vs. advertising, publicity and sales promotion Give more information Two way flow of information, interactivity. Discover the strengths and weaknesses of new products and pass this information on to the marketing department. Highest cost. Businesses spend more on personal selling than on any other form of promotional mix. Goals range from finding prospects convincing prospects to buy keeping customers satisfiedhelp them pass the word along. Types of Sales Persons Order Takers Seek repeat sales, make certain that customers have sufficient product quantities where and when they need it. Do not require extensive sales effort. Arrange displays, restocks them, answer phone calls. Low compensation, little training required. High turnover of personnel. 2 types: Inside Order Takers receive orders by mail/phone, sales person in a retail store. Field Order Takers travel to customers. Use laptop computers to improve tracking of inventory and orders etc. Order Getters Sell to new customers and increase sales to present customers, sometimes called creative selling. Generate customer leads, provide information, persuading customers and closing sales. Required for high priced, complex and/or new products. High pressure, requires expensive, time consuming training. Support Personnel Facilitate the selling function. Primarily business to business products. Missionary Salespeople Distribute information regarding new goods or services, describes attributes and leaves materials, does not close sales. Assist producers customers in selling to their own customers. IE call on retailers and persuade them to carry the product. Pharmaceuticals may go to doctors offices and persuade them to carry their products. Trade Salespeople May perform order taking function as well. Spend much time helping customers, especially retail stores, to promote the product. Restock the shelves, set up displays. Technical Salespersons Offer technical assistance to current customers. Usually trained engineers etc. Service Salespeople interacts with customers after sale is comp lete. Team selling entire team of selling professionals in selling to and servicing major customers, especially when specialized knowledge is needed to satisfy different interests in customers buying centers. Elements of the Personal Selling Process No 2 salespersons use exactly the same sales method, but it is generally a seven step process: Prospecting and Evaluating Seek names of prospects through sales records, referrals etc. , also responses to advertisements. Need to evaluate if the person is able (Undergraduate degree to attend a graduate program), willing and authorized to buy. Blind prospecting-rely on phone directory etc. Preapproach (Preparing) Review key decision makers esp. for business to business, but also family assess credit histories prepare sales presentations identify product needs. Helps present the presentation to meet the prospects needs. Approaching the Customer Manner in which the sales person contacts the potential customer. First impression of the sales person is Lasting and therefore important. Strive to develop a relationship rather than just push the product. Can be based on referrals, cold calling or repeat contact. Making the Presentation Need to attract and hold the prospects Attention to stimulate Interest and stir up Desire in the product so the potential customer takes the appropriate Action. AIDA Try to get the prospect to touch, hold or try the product. Must be able to change the presentation to meet the prospect needs. Three types of presentations: Stimulus Response Format: Appropriate stimulus will initiate a buy decision, use one appeal after another hoping to hit the right button Counter Clerk @ McDonalds Would you like fries with your burger? Formula Selling Format: (Canned Sales Presentation) memorized, repetitive, given to all customers interested in a specific product. Good for inexperienced sales people. Better with heavily advertised items that are presold. Telemarketing a credit card!! Need Satisfaction Format: Based on the principal that each customer has a different set of needs/desires. , therefore the sales presentation should be adapted to the individual customers needs, this is a key advantage of personal selling vs. advertising. Sales person asks questions first, then makes the presentation accordingly. Need to do homework, listen well and allow customers to talk etc. Must answer two types of questions: for more information overcome objections. Overcoming Objections Seek out objections and address them. Anticipate and counter them before the prospect can raise them. Try to avoid bringing up objections that the prospect would not have raised. Price objection is the most common Need to provide customers with reasons for the $s, build up the value before price is mentioned Must be convinced of price in own mind before you can sell to customer. Get budget info. on buyer before you try to sell, and must know what they want, must sell service on top of product augmented productto create value!! Must know value of product, provide warranties etc.!! Closing Ask prospect to buy product/products. Use trial closes, IE ask about financial terms, preferred method of delivery. 20% sales people generally close 80% sales. , Avon, over 1/2 US $1. 4 bn business from 17% of 415,000 SRs. Need to be prepared to close at any time. The following are popular closing techniques: Trial Close (Minor decision close) Assumptive close (Implied consent close) Urgency close Ask for the sale close If prospect says no, they may just need more reasons to buy!! Following Up Must follow up sale, determine if the order was delivered on time, installation OK etc. Also helps determine the prospects future needs. Accomplishes four objectives: customer gain short term satisfaction referrals are stimulated in the long run, repurchase prevent cognitive dissonance Old school, sell and leave!! Quickly before customer changes her mind!! Now: Stay a few minutes after salereinforce, make them feel good, made wise choice, leave small gift (with co. name on it!! ), call office at any time etc!! Follow up, reinforce, know birthdays, new year etc, friendly correspondence relationship building!! Handout Toyota Calling In Japans Car Market Half of cars are sold door-to-door. This is shrinking due to environmental changes. Toyota has more than 100,000 door-to-door sales people. Developing Long-term relationships is key, Keiretsu, do business with only those you know and trust. Face-to-face meetings before business to establish trust, the approach stage. Follow up is key to relationship: After sales: call inquiring on cars immediate performance hand written greeting cards written invitations for low cost oil changes Prospecting includes: Driving schools for people to obtain licenses = prospects Also referrals from existing customers is very important Curtesy calls to clients who referred new customers. Timing of presentation: To housewife in the middle of the day Just before 3 year Shaken, following 2 years At first I had no intention of buying a new car, but Mr. Saito is very good at proposing reasons why I should change = $1,600 shaken. Management of Salesforce Sales force is directly responsible for generating sales revenue. Eight general management areas: Establish Salesforce objectives Similar to other promotional objectives Demand oriented or image oriented. Major objective is persuasion, converting consumer interest into sales. Sales objectives; expected to accomplish within a certain period of time. Give direction and purpose and act as a standard for evaluation. Set for total salesforce and each individual salesperson. Can be $s, units sold, market share to achieve, for individual salespersons, also include ave. order size, ave. # of sales/time period, and ratio orders/calls. Organizing the Salesforce In-house vs. independent agents (manufacturers sales agents). Organize by: Geography (simplest, but not suitable if product(s) are complex or customers require specialized knowledge) Customer: Different buyers have different needs Product: Specific knowledge re: products is needed Size. Marginal analysis, or determine how many sales calls/year are needed for an organization to effectively serve its customers and divide this total by the average # of sales calls that a person makes annually. Also use subjective judgement. MBNA estimates how many calls to expect, one year in advance, and then determines the size of the salesforce at any given time. Recruiting and Selecting Salespeople Need to establish a set of required qualifications before beginning to recruit. Prepare a job description that lists specific tasks the salesperson should perform and analyze traits of the successful salespeople within the organization. May use assessment centersintense training environment that places candidates in realistic problem settings in which they give priorities to their activities, make and act on decisions. Recruitment should be a continual activity aimed at reaching the best applicants. Applicants that most match the demographics of the target market. Changing demographics, may be wise to hire hispanic sales people if your territory is in Florida!! Training Sales Personnel Use formal programs, or Informal on-the-job training. Can be complex or simple. Training should focus on: the company products selling techniques. Aimed at new hires and experienced personnel. Can be held in the field, educational institutions or company facilities. Oldsmobile spent $25 million last year to teach its dealers how to better treat its customers. Compensating Sales People To attract, motivate and retain sales people, that facilitate and encourage good treatment of the customers. Need to understand personalities of sales people. Strive for proper balance of freedom, income and incentives. Need to determine the best level of compensation required, and the best method of calculating it. Straight salary straight commission (selling insurance)single percentage of sales or sliding rate Combination plan Motivating Sales People Need a systematic approach, must also satisfy non-financial needs: Job security Working Conditions Opportunities to succeed Sales contests increase sales. Symbolic awardsplaques, rings etc. Can also use negative motivational methods for under performers. Due to burn outeven the best need motivating!! Ongoing process keep reps. hungry Need a motivational program. Spend time with reps, personal attention!! Take interest in them and the sales goals Compensation packet that rewards quality salesmanship and extra effort Recognition of extra effort of sales force Make sure SR feel important Keep SR informed of company activities Make certain reps. believe in the company Goals must be realistic and achievable and changeable Determine what they want and give it to them Controlling and Evaluating Salesforce performance Rely on information from call reports, customer feedback and invoices. Performance is determined by objectives. May compare with predetermined performance standards or with other sales people working under similar conditions. Handout Avon. $4 billion business, relied solely on personal selling until recently, environmental changes have changed this no longer is the wife expected to be at home model is dual income earning parents with children in day care. Need to develop more efficient ways to reach customers. Salespeople earn pure commission, 10% 50% for top sellers (over $32,750) Strategies tried: Avon Select. Direct mail catalog and toll free number, attract those that didnt know an Avon Lady, or didnt want to deal with one. Also used national TV and print campaign in conjunction. Problems = Salesperson creates confidence in the brand, delivering much more than advertising is able to do. When you take away the selling relationship, youre left with a brand thats relatively naked. Key is not to undercut the field salesforce, similar to dual distribution creating channel conflict. Mary Kay Corp has also tried this strategy but differently and more successfully: Catalogs carry different merchandise Forward commission to sales rep. in customers area Never have a grey area regarding competing with sales force. Other demotivational concerns: Restructured commissions Dropped awards, trips and other incentives Leadership Program. A Multi-level marketing (MLM) concept. Rewarded for products sold as well as people you recruit as a sales rep. by getting some of their commission and a portion of the commission of reps. they recruit etc. Created a hard sell environment and was consequently scrapped. To remotiva te: New CEO Reinstate Birthday presents Anniversary plates Annual Pins Phone Blitzs to indicate appreciation Gifts [and recognition] are part of the magic

Scale Insects and Mealybugs, Superfamily Coccoidea

Scale Insects and Mealybugs, Superfamily Coccoidea Scale insects and mealybugs are significant pests of many ornamental plants and orchard trees, and cost these industries millions of dollars each year. Many other insects and larger predators eat these tiny insects, so they do serve a purpose. Some scale insects cause the formation of galls. Learn the habits and traits of these interesting true bugs, which belong to the superfamily Coccoidea. What Do Scale Insects Look Like? Scale insects often go unnoticed, although they live on many common landscape and garden plants. Theyre small insects, usually just a few millimeters long. They tend to position themselves on the undersides of leaves or other plant parts, where they arent exposed to the elements. Scale insects are sexually dimorphic, meaning males and females  look entirely different from one another.   Adult females are usually somewhat round in shape, lack wings, and often lack legs as well. Males are winged, and look somewhat like winged aphids or small gnats. To identify scale insects, its often necessary to identify the host plant. Although largely considered pests, scale insects have been used in some surprisingly beneficial ways throughout history. The red pigment found in cactus-feeding cochineal scales is used to make a natural red dye for food, cosmetics, and textiles. Shellac is made from the secretions from coccids called lac scales. Scale insects and their waxy secretions have also been used in various cultures for making candles, for jewelry, and even for chewing gum. How Are Scale Insects Classified? Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - HemipteraSuperfamily – Coccoidea There is still some disagreement on how scale insects should be classified and how the group should be organized.   Some authors rank the scale insects as a suborder rather than a superfamily. Family level classification is still very much in flux. Some taxonomists subdivide the scale insects into just 22 families, while others use as many as 45. Scale Insect Families of Interest: Margarodidae - giant coccids, ground pearlsOrtheziidae - ensign coccidsPseudococcidae - mealybugsEriococcidae - felt scalesDactylopiidae - cochineal insectsKermesidae - gall-like coccidsAclerdidae - grass scalesAsterolecaniidae - pit scalesLecanodiaspididae - false pit scalesCoccidae - soft scales, wax scales, and tortoise scalesKerriidae - lac scalesDiaspididae - armored scales What Do Scale Insects Eat? Scale insects feed on plants, using piercing mouthparts to suck the juices from their host plant. Most scale insect species are specialist feeders, requiring a particular plant or group of plants to meet their nutritional needs. The Life Cycle of Scale Insects Its difficult to generalize a description of the scale insect life cycle. Development varies greatly between scale insect families and species, and is even different for males and females of the same species. Within the Coccoidea, there are species that reproduce sexually, species that are parthenogenetic, and even some that are hermaphroditic. Most scale insects produce eggs, and the female often guards them while they develop. Scale insect nymphs, particular in the first instar, are typically mobile and are referred to as crawlers. The nymphs disperse, and eventually settle on the host plant to begin feeding. Adult females are usually immobile and remain in one location for their entire lifespan. How Scale Insects Defend Themselves Scale insects produce a waxy secretion that forms a cover (called a test) over their bodies. This coating can vary greatly from species to species. In some scale insects, the test looks like a powdery substance, while others produce long strands of wax. The test is often cryptic, helping the scale insect blend in with the host plant. This waxy coat performs several functions for the scale insect. It helps insulate it from temperature fluctuations, and also maintains the proper humidity around the insects body. The test also camouflages the scale insect from potential predators and parasitoids. Scale insects and mealybugs also excrete honeydew, a sugary liquid waste that is a by-product of eating plant sap. This sweet substance attracts ants. Honeydew-loving ants will sometimes protect the scale insects from predators to ensure their supply of sugar remains intact. Where Do Scale Insects Live? The superfamily Coccoidea is quite large, with more than 7,500 species known throughout the world. Roughly 1,100 species inhabit the U.S. and Canada. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition, edited by John L. Capinera.Superfamily Coccoidea – Scales and Mealybugs, Bugguide.net. Accessed online February 9, 2016.Systematic Studies of Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), by Nathaniel B. Hardy, University of California Davis, 2008.Scale Management Guidelines – UC IPM, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. Accessed online February 9, 2016.ScaleNet: Scale Insects (Coccoidea) Database, USDA Agricultural Research Service. Accessed online February 9, 2016.Coccoidea, Tree of Life Web. Accessed online February 9, 2016.

Diabetes and Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diabetes and Globalization - Research Paper Example The Harvard School of Public Health (n.d) defines globalization as "Inexorable spread of knowledge, technology, culture, and capital from country to country" (para. 1). In layman's terms, diabetes is caused by a disproportion of energy in the body whereby very little calories are burned by the body. In other words, physical activity is imperative when it comes to preventing diabetes. Globalization has increased trade between countries and has thus made food more available at cheaper prices. The cost and availability of food shape people's preferences and can contribute to diabetes (Harvard School of Public Health, para. 5). This, in other words, increases people's access to high caloric foods which are the major contributors to diabetes. Other than shaping people's food preferences, globalization has made it easier for international fast-food companies to spread from the developed countries to developing countries (Harvard School of Public Health, para. 5). This further increases peo ple's access to fattening foods creating an increase in obesity and diabetes.   Candib (2007) asserts that globalization goes hand in hand with urbanization. People are increasingly moving to urban areas in search of better business and job opportunities. When people move to urban areas, they end up adopting a sedentary lifestyle. Subsequently, they have no time for cooking a healthy meal by the time they get home due to exhaustion. In fact, most people prefer buying food from restaurants and fast food outlets than to cooking.  Ã‚  

Website Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Website Analysis - Essay Example It has only used the phrases that must be used. This in itself sends a strong message. This tends to show that the company believes its their products, (Thomas and Stoddard 89). The website is easy to navigate. The key buttons are arranged horizontally on top of every page in the website. This means that a customer can access the index from any page of the entire site. The index is the first page of the website. It s also called the home page. In most websites, the index is accessed through a link button called home. The index is the image of the entire website. It shows a brief overview of the contents of the entire site and contains the main links. The Apple.com website has a well thought out index with well labeled links, (Thomas and Stoddard 89), making it easy for any visitor to navigate through the website. The Apple website has multiple articles. A website with exceptionally few articles show the company is either small or the site development was in a hurry. This website has many informative articles. The information varies from the products, history of the apple company to their future plan, (Thomas and Stoddard 89). Some of these articles carry information that would not be found elsewhere. This leaves the audience feeling the website is worth their time. The apple website is not static. It contains dynamic data. It is easy to see images swapping, products blinking, and images of Apple products just as they appear in the market, (Thomas and Stoddard 89). Moreover, the website is truly interactive. It is possible to check the features of apple products from the website, e.g. apple laptops, imacs, etc. Then order for it through the same website. The website can simply interact with its audience and achieve the intended goal. It has a place for enquiring any issue concerning Apple and its product, (Thomas and Stoddard 89). These are plenty of resources to download, ranging from text to audio data content. This data is

Essay 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

4 - Essay Example Aptitudes that apply to numerous various types of parts are known as transferable or delicate abilities. Ponder a few errands which happen on an ordinary working day. You may have exhibited your exploration in a Graduate class, which serves to sharpen your relational abilities. You may take a shot at a provision for a travel gift, providing for you some knowledge of securing and financing for your examination experience. On the other hand perhaps you persuaded your administrator to set aside a few minutes to peruse a paper you wish to submit for distribution, therefore utilizing arranging aptitudes (Webcache.googleusercontent.com, 2014) (BusinessDictionary.com, 2014) Transferable aptitudes can likewise be produced outside of a scholarly setting. Consider a portion of the exercises you get included within your extra time. Contemplate the sorts of obligations that individuals in more senior positions have – both in a scholastic environment and non-scholarly parts – assignments, for example, overseeing staff, getting financing or plan approbation, creating associations with outside contacts, etc. These all oblige certain levels of supposed transferable aptitudes like correspondence, association, arrangement, and so forth. When you want to make your next profession move, not just will you need to persuade potential superintendents that you have these transferable aptitudes, you will likewise need to utilize these abilities consistently with a specific end goal to succeed in your picked career. For a few professions, particularly in the event that you are considering moving out of the scholastic environment where your work is less incli ned to be well-known, transferable abilities can get much more critical to the accomplishment of your requisition. Superintendents anticipate that you will have to show a number of accompanying groups living up to expectations, energy and drive, interpersonal and relational abilities and

Future Career Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Future Career - Personal Statement Example This allows me to use my imagination and creativity alongside the technical skills I have developed which allow me to conceive a problem from a wide range of perspectives. Business is an interesting field with as many variables as engineering, and perhaps less predictable outcomes. Exceptions to business common sense can produce exceptional results; the same can rarely be said of engineering. The very value of education in this field is one of hot debate, from entrepreneurs proud to have left school with nothing to the MBA hotshot riding the corporate inside track - it is a discipline where success by any means can be argued as valid. As a highly successful student of facts and natural laws, this is a highly intriguing idea. For all I can learn from lectures and research, there is always a higher level to aspire to - always a rival with an edge of natural flair. An academic analysis, for example, of a systemic change can soon fail without the personal skills to 'sell' it to the workers. I have spent a long time developing my brain; I now want the chance to test my heart, soul and guts. There are numerous obstacles but the interesting part is to overcome the obstacles and run a smooth form of business. My parents have taught me that a balance between activities is always necessary for a healthy lifestyle. I engage in spending my free time constructively by serving the community and doing several jobs in my free time. I love reading business books. Just as I believe the highest level of success in business comes from drawing on every ounce of talent and ability, I believe that success in life comes through engaging every talent. The Cass MSc in Management enables graduates from a wide range of disciplines to develop real world knowledge and skills in key areas of modern management - it is this that most appeals to me, bringing the whole of my real world and life experiences to bear on how I do business. Through this program I hope to graduate with the confidence to sensitively and intelligently apply practical quantitative skills, which are required for a successful career in risk management. I chose to join the program to further polish out mytechnical and quantitative knowledgeof different specialist risk management areas, such as financial modelling, valuation theory, credit derivative pricing, and credit portfolio management. My strong technical groundingandquantitative skill from my current studies will have a definite impact on my career, qualifying me for a more specialized risk manager role. As much as a personality is important in business decision making, a person is also important in their society. While decisions can be made without feeling and individuals can try to exist as islands, both states seem unnatural and dangerous - oversimplified models that ignore a greater complexity. Activities I enjoy are enjoyable because of the interplay between myself and my community - the term 'altruistic' does not quite match, because I believe that every positive action brings broad rewards. I can rationalize this as a kind of karmic belief structure, but really it comes down to an analytical approach - what is good for a system or business should permeate all levels to bring mutual benefits. My natural talents have been nurtured thanks to the good will and determination of others. As a product of a global society, I try to carry out activities that make a positive impact

Evaluating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 15 USC 78dd1 - of Essay

Evaluating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 15 USC 78dd1 - of 1977 - Essay Example In 1970s, the market was gradually shifting towards globalization with many multinationals expanding to new markets. The result was that to gain advantage over other players in the market, some U.S firms and individuals bribed foreign government officials for considerations in awarding of contracts and business opportunities that promised increased returns in foreign markets. One of the major corruption scandals that even threatened the government was President Nixon’s Watergate scandal. In 1977, the Congress enacted the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 that prohibited bribery of foreign firms or any official by any American corporation or individual. The act aimed at enhancing integrity and repairing the tainted perception of American firms locally and internationally by ensuring firms adhered to high levels of ethics and fairness. This paper will investigate the history behind the act and its respective amendments, the rationale behind implementation of the act, investi gating the efficacy of the policy, its implementation and recommending necessary amendments to make the act more effective. 2.0 History of the Act In the mid-1970s, numerous investigations, legal and administrative actions against many local corporations revealed numerous illegal and questionable payments to foreign businesses and government officials. The only mechanism at the time to deal with such payments was through the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which investigated any public corporations for irregular deals concealed from the public (Seitzinger, 1999). The investigated cases were prosecuted by the Department of Justice, DOJ. Through such cases, the government realized that criminalization of bribery practices to foreign officials and enforcement of strict book keeping, accountability and disclosure of firm’s operations to the public were necessary to deal with increasing corruption cases involving American firms in foreign markets. Corruption cases had ba dly affected American foreign Policies, portraying a negative image of American Democracy abroad. Corruption had badly impaired public confidence in financial integrity in the country’s corporations (Seitzinger, 1999). To deal with these problems, the congress responded by passing the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, FCPA. The act was therefore as a result of market failure in ensuring integrity and safeguarding financial integrity in corporations. The act was also motivated by government failure in that the government had failed to effectively implement and put in place measures to reduce bribery under the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The act had failed to ensure effective bookkeeping in corporations to account for all transactions. There was a general lack of elaborate internal accounting control systems that would have guaranteed management’s control, responsibility and authority over a firm’s assets (Seitzinger, 2010). As a public policy prescription, the act discouraged bribery of foreign officials through huge fines and jail terms, which discouraged many from the practice. The act encouraged an accountability culture that improved public’s perception of the country’s corporations. Such change of perception was necessary in ensuring investor confidence and improving the country’s image locally and internationally, which had been tainted by massive bribery and lack of strict financial accountability in

Future Career Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Future Career - Personal Statement Example This allows me to use my imagination and creativity alongside the technical skills I have developed which allow me to conceive a problem from a wide range of perspectives. Business is an interesting field with as many variables as engineering, and perhaps less predictable outcomes. Exceptions to business common sense can produce exceptional results; the same can rarely be said of engineering. The very value of education in this field is one of hot debate, from entrepreneurs proud to have left school with nothing to the MBA hotshot riding the corporate inside track - it is a discipline where success by any means can be argued as valid. As a highly successful student of facts and natural laws, this is a highly intriguing idea. For all I can learn from lectures and research, there is always a higher level to aspire to - always a rival with an edge of natural flair. An academic analysis, for example, of a systemic change can soon fail without the personal skills to 'sell' it to the workers. I have spent a long time developing my brain; I now want the chance to test my heart, soul and guts. There are numerous obstacles but the interesting part is to overcome the obstacles and run a smooth form of business. My parents have taught me that a balance between activities is always necessary for a healthy lifestyle. I engage in spending my free time constructively by serving the community and doing several jobs in my free time. I love reading business books. Just as I believe the highest level of success in business comes from drawing on every ounce of talent and ability, I believe that success in life comes through engaging every talent. The Cass MSc in Management enables graduates from a wide range of disciplines to develop real world knowledge and skills in key areas of modern management - it is this that most appeals to me, bringing the whole of my real world and life experiences to bear on how I do business. Through this program I hope to graduate with the confidence to sensitively and intelligently apply practical quantitative skills, which are required for a successful career in risk management. I chose to join the program to further polish out mytechnical and quantitative knowledgeof different specialist risk management areas, such as financial modelling, valuation theory, credit derivative pricing, and credit portfolio management. My strong technical groundingandquantitative skill from my current studies will have a definite impact on my career, qualifying me for a more specialized risk manager role. As much as a personality is important in business decision making, a person is also important in their society. While decisions can be made without feeling and individuals can try to exist as islands, both states seem unnatural and dangerous - oversimplified models that ignore a greater complexity. Activities I enjoy are enjoyable because of the interplay between myself and my community - the term 'altruistic' does not quite match, because I believe that every positive action brings broad rewards. I can rationalize this as a kind of karmic belief structure, but really it comes down to an analytical approach - what is good for a system or business should permeate all levels to bring mutual benefits. My natural talents have been nurtured thanks to the good will and determination of others. As a product of a global society, I try to carry out activities that make a positive impact

((((2)))) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

((((2)))) - Essay Example Some of the child-centered curriculum goals that have proven to be proficient include making learners reach new understanding of their surroundings, one of the vibrant goals of a teacher. What’s more, teachers in the contemporary world need to adopt child-centered curriculum for them to meet their goals of supporting background knowledge learned at homegrown and in the community. Teachers’ goals employ the child-centered curriculum as it endorses the deepening interest and exploration of connected ideas. Therefore, by comparing Child-Centered and the traditional approach concepts I realized that Child-Centered is superlative and an effective approach teachers can use in a class as this approach helps in promoting the concepts of children playing part in their curriculum development unlike the traditional approach. Child-centered curriculum enable learners to develop awareness by making them understand their surroundings thus creating learners who are not consumers of kn owledge but inventors of the knowledge. Sharon’s child-centered curriculum, unlike Melissa’s tradition curriculum, helps us to understand that contemporary teachers think children learn within the situation of loving the content by looking at it if it connects learning with experiences. A modern teacher will approve that children learn through activities that are responsive to children, i.e. Considers what comes about after experiences. Teachers also understand that children learn easily when the lesson and the content taught support reflecting of already learned content and also embrace observations by learners. Effective program of study is brought about by sensory involvements, use of concept to integrate knowledge, content and skills from multiple subject area, offers learners with activity choices, and incorporates relevant learning beyond the tutorial room into real-life situations. The sensory

Principles of Instructional Design Essay Example for Free

Principles of Instructional Design Essay Client – The client is a company known as Delta Computers, which manufactures computers and peripherals. This is a mid-sized 20-year-old company with 2,000 employees worldwide. It has annual sales of $90 million. Its sales force is 400 in number. Of these about 100 are senior sales managers and directors, and the remaining 300 are the frontline sales force consisting of sales executives.   The sales executives make sales calls, both in person and by telephone, to various companies to sell the company’s products. Data Collection – The first step in the creation of the e-learning course is to collect all the information that is required to create an effective e-learning course. There are various data collection techniques, such as interviewing, questionnaires, focus group questionnaires, observation, Internet, and libraries. The Instructional Designer (ID) can conduct an interview with the Senior Sales Managers of Delta Computers to get information about various sales techniques, which they want their employees to learn and which are relevant to their business. They can also gather information from freely available sources on the Internet and libraries, and also existing content about sales techniques that the company may have, created by their erstwhile and present sales managers. They can also send a questionnaire to the Senior Sales Managers seeking the following information that would be required for creating the course. 1. Who is the audience for this course? (Managers, Sales Executives, Directors, Engineers, Administrative employees, Sales Managers) 2. What is the age group of the learners? 3. What are the qualifications of the learners of this course? (High School, Graduate, Engineering Graduate, Management Graduate) 3. What is the means by which the learners will access this course? (Home computer, office computer, Internet, CD) 4. What is the goal of the course or what purpose does the course seek to accomplish? 5. What is the existing knowledge that the learners have about this topic? (Beginners, experts, proficient) 6. Is the goal you seek to accomplish through this course measurable, if so what are the quantities? 7. How many people will access this course per month? 8. How much time can the learners devote to this course per week? 9. Would you like the performance of the learners to be scored at the end of the course? 10. Typically, the passing score of a learner is 80%. What would you like the passing score of the learner to be? 11. Would you want the learner to undergo the complete course again if he or she fails, or would you like them to undergo only the part in which they have failed again? 12. What is the level of technical knowledge of the learners, i.e. do they know how to operate computers, email, Internet? (Beginner, expert, proficient) 13. Within what duration would you like the learner to complete the course? 14. Would you want more interactivity, simulations, graphics, and fun element in the course or would you want the course to be factual and to the point with minimal graphics and fun element? 15. Do you have any existing material on sales techniques which you would like us to incorporate in the course? Analysis – After the required information has been collected, the analysis for the e-learning course would be done. The analysis would include: 1. Learning needs analysis, 2. Goals of the course. 3. Learning gap. 4. Audience analysis. 5. Prerequisites of course. 6. Learning environment. 7. Passing criteria. 8. Objectives of the course. A detailed analysis and design document is created, which is then sent to the client for approval. After the client provides their approval on the document, the storyboarding for the e-learning course is started. Learning needs analysis – After interviews with the senior managers and from the information acquired through the questionnaire, the learning needs are determined. The senior managers of Delta Computers state that most of their sales executives who make customers calls either through telephone or personally come from varied backgrounds. The current information about sales techniques that they have is gained through the Powerpoint presentations created by the erstwhile and present sales and marketing managers of the company for internal training purposes. When a new sales employee joins, he or she is asked to read these presentations. The information in these presentations, which number about 20, is old and also there is no evaluation at the end of the presentations. The information is organized haphazardly and there are very little graphics and interactivity. The information is also outdated. Learning goals – After understanding the current level of knowledge, the ID gets information about the goals of the course. In this case, Delta Computers wants their sales executives who actually make customer calls to learn the latest sales techniques so they can close many more deals successfully. Learning gap analysis – The ID then chalks out in detail what is the gap between the learning goals and the current level of learning. The ID is able to understand that the existing information about sales techniques is generally what the Senior Sales Managers had put down informally on presentations. The information is haphazardly structured, out-of-date, incomplete, and uninterestingly presented. The ID proposes to get information on latest sales techniques by interviewing the Senior Sales Managers and Sales Directors of the company and other outside sales experts, and through books, journals, and Internet articles. Audience Analysis – After the learning gap analysis, the audience for the course is analyzed. From the information obtained from the answers to the questionnaire submitted to Delta Computers, the ID is able to understand the profile of the learner of this course. The learners who will undergo this course are males and females belonging to the age group of 24 to 55 years. They are mostly graduates in various disciplines, including arts, sciences, and management. About 5% of them are engineering graduates in various disciplines and 10% have obtained management degrees in sales and marketing. They are all computer and Internet savvy and 10% of them have their personal laptops. Prerequisites of the course – The ID formulates certain prerequisites for undertaking the course. The learners should all have basic knowledge of computers, Internet, and English language. They should also have adequate knowledge about the various products in the portfolio of Delta Computers and the features and benefits of the products. Learning environment – The learners will undertake the course through the company’s Learning Management System (LMS). This will be an online course and each learner will be provided a login ID to log in to the LMS. The hardware requirements would be minimum Pentium IV configuration, 2.40 GHz, and 256 MB RAM with broadband Internet. Passing criteria – The learner will need to score a minimum of 80% in the assessment to pass the course. If they are unable to do so, they will have to undertake the course again. Terminal objectives – The next step is to divide the course content into modules and topics and to formulate the terminal objectives for each module of the course. The name of the course is â€Å"Sales Techniques to Make Effective Sales.† The five levels of Bloom’s taxonomy are knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. The five learning types according to Gagne are verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills, and attitudes.

Steps in System Design

Steps in System Design CHAPTER 3 HIGH LEVEL DESIGN 3.0 High Level Design The high level design discusses an overview of how a system be supposed to work and how the higher stage sections to contains the suggested answer. It would be supposed to have very less information about implementation that is no clear class descriptions and during case not even details such as data base type (relational or object) programming language and platform. High level design gives an overview of system flow. However, this gives more information for the user to understand the logic. Here we see the basic knowledge about the system design and architecture. Following are the issues that we see in this part which are the primary components for the design. 3.1 Design Considerations The key design considerations of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network are: Creation of network with twenty nodes, including the base station node and its client nodes. Broadcasting the packets by base station to its nodes. Calculating all the measures and getting feedback information from all nodes for the transmission. According to which designing the three main scheduling policies for the broadcasting delay in the network. Network which does not uses network coding mechanism, designing the greedy scheduling policy. Network which uses the network coding mechanism for which designing the linear coding scheduling policy and pair wise XOR scheduling policy. Finally performance analysis is done for each scheduling policy, considering the deterministic, probabilistic arrivals of packets for asymmetric and symmetric topology. 3.2 System Architecture of Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network System Architecture of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network in shown in figure 3.1 System architecture is the theoretical design that describes the structural and behavioral features of a system. The description of the architecture is the official explanation of the system. That is arranged in the form that maintains interpretation concerning the structural possessions of the system. And it characterizes the system apparatus or building blocks and gives a preparation from which yield can be procured and systems are developed that are work jointly to apply in general system. The base station will broadcast the arrival of packets using different types of systems like greedy scheduler, pair wise XOR, linear coding and feedback scheduler to the particular nodes. Design feasible optimal policy for the broadcasting of delay in traffic. Since the base station will not having any idea regarding feedback information from all its client nodes, it cannot identify the real timely throughput established by each client node for the flow of packets. Though, with the knowledge of channel reliabilities, the base station will calculate approximately the timely throughputs by measuring the possibility that a client node gains the packet of a flow in every time gap. There is stationary randomized scheduling policy and a positive number, which decides a schedule arbitrarily from the scheduling space where it is based on the packet coming at the creation of the period and self directed of the system history before the time interval that accomplish the system with timely throughput supplies. A system with any coding mechanism, a designing policy aims to maximize, a policy is feasible optimal. Three different kinds of coding mechanisms, first think about a system where network coding is not been used. In each time slot, the base station will broadcast the unprocessed packet from the stream that has been produced one packet in the time interval. Deduce a few separation of flows has been produced packets at the starting of the interval the probability that client receives the packet from flow in this interval. Since the base station can make broadcasts in an interval. The probability that client has not received the packet from flow during the first transmissions, and receives this packet when the base station broadcasts the packet from flow for the next time. Thus, classify the subjective trivial liberation chance of the broadcast of an online scheduling Greedy algorithm. The use of pair wise XOR coding for broadcasting, the base station can either broadcast a raw packet from a flow, or it can choose to broadcast an encoded packet from flow packet from flow, the XOR of a packet from flow with a packet from flow. A client can recover the packet from flow either upon directly receiving a raw packet from flow, or upon receiving a raw packet from flow and an encoded packet. Consider a system with two streams of flow of packets that produce single packet in every interval with only individual client whose direct reliable. Assume that there are six time slots in an interval. Suppose that the base station transmits each packet three times in an interval. Thus, a system with timely throughput requirements is not possible when complex network coding is not in use. Thus system with pair wise XOR coding can achieve strictly better performance than one without network coding. By employing linear coding in the direction to advance the performance of dissemination delay constraints flow of packets besides the unprocessed packets the base station can also transmit small packages that having linear grouping of packets from any streams of flows. The consumer can decipher all packets from the separation of streams if it receives at least packets that having linear grouping of packets from those stream of flows. If a client receives less packets having linear combination of groups cannot be decoded from those flows of packets. Figure 3.1: System Architecture of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.3 System Specification using Use Case Diagram Use case diagrams are represents the typically noticeable interactions with the aim of the system will perform with the users and external systems. They are exercised to depict in what way the user can carry out the role by means of the systems and it form an important part of the progress of the method. Use case diagrams describe schedules of work, user guides, test plans and are functional all the way through the whole development progression. Use case models use a concept known as actors to visualize what is deemed to be outside the system. The use case also describes about the exterior unit will interrelate with the system and the work that the system will need to perform. Use case scenarios that describe how actors use the system. The actors are external factors that interact with the system. Actors are identified based on who is using the system or who will be using the system. The actor represents the role a user plays with respect to the system. Identifying actors is an important as identifying classes, structures, attributes, associations and behavior. 3.3.1 Use Case Diagram for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Use case Diagram of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network is shown in figure 3.2. Figure 3.2: Use case Diagram of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Name of the module: deadline-constrained broadcasting in wireless network. External users or actors: base station and client node. Functionality of the system: functionality of the system includes adding flow and broadcasting flow. Broadcasting flow has the functions like greedy scheduler, pair wise XOR scheduler, linear scheduler and feedback scheduler. Description of deadline-constrained broadcasting in wireless network: The use case diagram of the deadline-constrained broadcasting in wireless network shown in figure 3.3. The base station used to add flow and broadcast the flow in the network, where it can use any technique to broadcast the delay in the network like it may use non coding mechanism by using greedy scheduler policy, and coding mechanism by introducing pair wise XOR scheduler policy, linear scheduler policy and it may use feedback scheduler policy. There by base station broadcast the delay to the respective client nodes. 3.4 Data Flow Diagram for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network A data flow diagram is a graphical depiction where the data flows all the way through an information system. It is also used for the visualization of data processing that is structured design. In DFD information flows from the external source or an internal process towards the internal information store or the external information drop through is the midway course. Level_0 The context-level or level 0 data flow diagram describes the interface between the method and external agents which operate as data sources and data sinks. Scheduled on top of the background diagram also termed as the Level 0 DFD where the systems interfaces with the outside world are modeled merely during the data flows crossways the system edge. In the context diagram the complete system as only one process and provides no clues to its own internal group. Figure 3.3: Level 0 Data flow diagram for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.4.1 Data Flow Diagram for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Level _1 The Level 1 DFD describes about the division of sub systems of the complete system and each of the sub systems deals with at least one of the data flows to or from the outside way and which together provides all of the functionality of the process. It is also recognize the internal data provisions that should there in sort of the progression to do the work and it illustrates the flow of information among the diverse parts of the procedure. Figure 3.4: Data Flow Diagrm of Probability data flow for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Table 3.1: Transmission of packet of different flow deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.4.2 Data Flow Diagram of XOR coding for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Figure 3.5: Data flow diagram of XOR coding for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Table 3.2: Transmission of XOR coding for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.4.3 Data Flow Diagram of Linear coding for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Figure 3.6: Data flow diagram of linear coding for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Table 3.3: Transmission of linear coding for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.4.4 Data Flow Diagram of Broadcasting packets for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Figure 3.7: Data flow diagram of broadcast packet for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Table 3.4: Transmission of broadcast packet for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.5 Sequence diagram for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Sequence diagrams display interactions between the objects from temporal standpoint. A sequence diagram represents an interaction between objects that focuses on the message. An object is represented by rectangle and its lifeline is represented by a vertical bar line. Initialization Flow The sequence diagram of the initial flow is shown in figure 3.8. STEP 1: The admin directs the main to create the new network and the network is created. STEP 2: The new base station is created by the network by main through admin. STEP 3: The new node is created by the network by main through admin. STEP 4: The network is shown by network through the main and admin. Figure 3.8: Sequence diagram for Initialization Flow Greedy Scheduler The sequence diagram of the greedy scheduler is shown in figure 3.9. STEP 1: The admin add the flow by base station and starts broadcasting of packets. STEP 2: The new base station is starts scheduling of the packet flow to greedy scheduler. STEP 3: The greedy scheduler sends back the packet flow once it done coding. STEP 4: Then broadcasting takes place from base station to node. Figure 3.9: Sequence diagram for Greedy Scheduler Linear coding scheduler The sequence diagram of the linear coding scheduler is shown in figure 3.10. STEP 1: The admin add the flow by base station and starts broadcasting of packets. STEP 2: The new base station is starts scheduling of the packet flow to linear coding scheduler. STEP 3: The linear coding scheduler sends back the packet flow once it done coding. STEP 4: Then broadcasting takes place from base station to node. Figure 3.10: Sequence diagram for Linear coding scheduler Feedback scheduler The sequence diagram of the feedback scheduler is shown in figure 3.11. STEP 1: The admin add the flow by base station and starts broadcasting of packets. STEP 2: The new base station is starts scheduling of the packet flow to feedback scheduler. STEP 3: The feedback scheduler sends back the packet flow once it done coding. STEP 4: Then broadcasting takes place from base station to node. Figure 3.11: Sequence diagram for Feedback scheduler Pair wise XOR scheduler The sequence diagram of the pair wise XOR scheduler is shown in figure 3.12. STEP 1: The admin add the flow by base station and starts broadcasting of packets. STEP 2: The new base station is starts scheduling of the packet flow to pair wise XOR scheduler. STEP 3: The feedback scheduler sends back the packet flow once it done coding. STEP 4: Then broadcasting takes place from base station to node. Figure 3.12: Sequence diagram for Pair-wise XOR scheduler 3.6 Classes Designed for the system The class diagram is the major structural block of objective leaning modeling. Class diagrams can be used for information modeling. The classes in a class diagram shows both the major objects and communications in the systems and the classes exist to program. It is used both for general conceptual modeling, for systematic applications, detailed modeling, and for converting the models into encoding rules. In the diagram classes are presented with boxes shapes which have three parts. The upper part of box has the name of the class The middle part contains the attributes of the class The bottom part of box produces the processes or functions the class has to perform The design of a system has the number of classes that are recognized and joined together in the class diagram which assists to find out the relations among objects. The attribute shows the passage thread that is parsed in the variety of properties of the characteristic form component. Operation is used to show operations defined on classes. It is the service of an instance that the class is requesting to perform the function is as shown in the text string that may be parsed to the different properties of an operation function of the model component. There are relations between the different classes in the class diagram that are represented using the following notations. Composition ( ) is a very strong option of the possess association relationship, composition is specific. Composition has a strong existence cycle dependent among occurrences of the container class and occurrences of the contained module. If the container is cracked or damaged normally every occurrence that it contains is destroyed fully. Generalization ( ) specifies that one of the two connected program (the subclass) is measured to be a dedicated form of the other program (the super type) and super class is well thought out as ‘generalization’ of subclass. This way any occurrence of the subtype class is also the example of the super class. Multiplicity notations are positioned near the endings of a relationship. And these signs specify the number of occurrences o single class linked to one occurrences of the other class, ‘1’ states that no more than one instances are used, and ‘0..*’ states that zero or many instances are used. Figure 3.13: Classes diagram for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network The class diagram for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network is represented in figure 3.13. the figure shows the main class, which defines the operations +createNetwork( ), +add BS( ), +add Node(), +show Network(). The class network defines the operation, +add BS(), +add Node(), +show Network(), with one -to-one aggregation to main class. The class Base station defines the operation, +add Flow(), +broadcastPacket(), +sendPacket(), with one -to-one aggregation to network class. The class Node defines the operation, +collectPacket() with generalization to statistics class it also defines many-to-one aggregation with network class The class greedy scheduler, linear coding scheduler, feedback scheduler, pair wise XOR scheduler, defines the operations +schedulePacketFlow() with respect to their scheduling principles, and they are one-to-one aggregation with the class Base station. Summary In this chapter, a brief overview of design consideration, system architecture, design steps is presented and further discussion of the use case diagrams, class diagrams, data flow diagrams and sequence diagrams next chapter discusses detailed design of the system.